python在合并图片到PDF文件过程中遇到的问题汇总，包括pip/pyinstaller等
刚开始在使用python命令时，命令行执行没报错，总是有个空行，然后仔细看环境变量，里面配置的PYTHON是另一个版本的，无效的，所以命令能找到，但无法正常执行代码。
于是在环境变量PATH里面，删掉了错误的选项，配置了PYTHON. 的路径变量
这个时候执行python --version 能正常出来版本号
F:\test>python --version Python 3.11.1
检测pip安装情况
由于在脚本中用到了图片处理，需要使用Pillow图像处理的支持，因此需要通过pip来安装，但在安装时却发现没有pip这个模块
\python.exe: No module named pip
python -m pip --version
https://pypi.org/project/pip/
python -m ensurepip
通过上述命令，都无法找到相应命令，最终通过访问网站，下载get-pip.py 来解决
下载get-pip.py
第一次使用这个地址，在浏览器里面直接打开了文件，复制出来后，保存文件get-pip.py 会发现这个文件不完整，所以失败了。
https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/get-pip.py 没用
接着更换下面这个地址，完全可以下载。 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/get-pip.py 可用
下载完成后，执行 python get-pip.py
提示是成功了，可是当你执行pip --version 却会报错。
F:\test>pip --version
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<frozen runpy>", line 198, in _run_module_as_main
File "<frozen runpy>", line 88, in _run_code
File "D:\tools\python\Scripts\pip.exe\__main__.py", line 4, in <module>
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pip'
修改参数
找到文件python{x}._pth， {x}为版本号数字，比如3.11,这里就是311， 打开文件并在第一行插入以下代码
Lib\site-packages
pip报错问题解决
继续安装 Pillow（有报错）
pip install Pillow
F:\test>pip install Pillow
Collecting Pillow
Downloading pillow-10.4.0-cp311-cp311-win_amd64.whl (2.6 MB)
|████ | 307 kB 6.7 kB/s eta 0:05:38ERROR: Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers.py", line 171, in _merge_into_criterion
crit = self.state.criteria[name]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^
KeyError: 'pillow'
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 438, in _error_catcher
yield
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 519, in read
data = self._fp.read(amt) if not fp_closed else b""
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\cachecontrol\filewrapper.py", line 62, in read
data = self.__fp.read(amt)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "http\client.py", line 465, in read
File "socket.py", line 706, in readinto
File "ssl.py", line 1278, in recv_into
File "ssl.py", line 1134, in read
TimeoutError: The read operation timed out
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 223, in _main
status = self.run(options, args)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\req_command.py", line 180, in wrapper
return func(self, options, args)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\commands\install.py", line 320, in run
requirement_set = resolver.resolve(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\resolver.py", line 121, in resolve
self._result = resolver.resolve(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers.py", line 453, in resolve
state = resolution.resolve(requirements, max_rounds=max_rounds)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers.py", line 318, in resolve
name, crit = self._merge_into_criterion(r, parent=None)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers.py", line 173, in _merge_into_criterion
crit = Criterion.from_requirement(self._p, requirement, parent)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers.py", line 82, in from_requirement
if not cands:
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\structs.py", line 124, in __bool__
return bool(self._sequence)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\found_candidates.py", line 99, in __bool__
return any(self)
^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\factory.py", line 239, in iter_index_candidates
candidate = self._make_candidate_from_link(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\factory.py", line 167, in _make_candidate_from_link
self._link_candidate_cache[link] = LinkCandidate(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 296, in __init__
super(LinkCandidate, self).__init__(
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 144, in __init__
self.dist = self._prepare()
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 222, in _prepare
dist = self._prepare_distribution()
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 307, in _prepare_distribution
return self._factory.preparer.prepare_linked_requirement(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 480, in prepare_linked_requirement
return self._prepare_linked_requirement(req, parallel_builds)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 503, in _prepare_linked_requirement
local_file = unpack_url(
^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 253, in unpack_url
file = get_http_url(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 130, in get_http_url
from_path, content_type = download(link, temp_dir.path)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\network\download.py", line 163, in __call__
for chunk in chunks:
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\progress_bars.py", line 168, in iter
for x in it:
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\network\utils.py", line 64, in response_chunks
for chunk in response.raw.stream(
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 576, in stream
data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 512, in read
with self._error_catcher():
File "contextlib.py", line 155, in __exit__
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 443, in _error_catcher
raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.")
pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions.ReadTimeoutError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='files.pythonhosted.org', port=443): Read timed out.
WARNING: You are using pip version 20.3.4; however, version 24.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'd:\tools\python\python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
再次安装 Pillow（有报错）
尝试升级pip
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
升级成功过后，再重试安装，还是报错
ERROR: Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 438, in _error_catcher
yield
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 561, in read
data = self._fp_read(amt) if not fp_closed else b""
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 527, in _fp_read
return self._fp.read(amt) if amt is not None else self._fp.read()
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\cachecontrol\filewrapper.py", line 98, in read
data: bytes = self.__fp.read(amt)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "http\client.py", line 465, in read
File "socket.py", line 706, in readinto
File "ssl.py", line 1278, in recv_into
File "ssl.py", line 1134, in read
TimeoutError: The read operation timed out
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 105, in _run_wrapper
status = _inner_run()
^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 96, in _inner_run
return self.run(options, args)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\req_command.py", line 67, in wrapper
return func(self, options, args)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\commands\install.py", line 379, in run
requirement_set = resolver.resolve(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\resolver.py", line 179, in resolve
self.factory.preparer.prepare_linked_requirements_more(reqs)
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 554, in prepare_linked_requirements_more
self._complete_partial_requirements(
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 469, in _complete_partial_requirements
for link, (filepath, _) in batch_download:
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\network\download.py", line 184, in __call__
for chunk in chunks:
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\progress_bars.py", line 55, in _rich_progress_bar
for chunk in iterable:
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\network\utils.py", line 65, in response_chunks
for chunk in response.raw.stream(
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 622, in stream
data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 560, in read
with self._error_catcher():
File "contextlib.py", line 155, in __exit__
File "d:\tools\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 443, in _error_catcher
raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.")
pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions.ReadTimeoutError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='files.pythonhosted.org', port=443): Read timed out.
安装成功
找了些资料，最终确定是由于下载源网络的原因，有些依赖可能无法下载，因此更换了下载源，改为 https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
pip config set global.index-url https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
重新执行pip install Pillow 成功
再去执行脚本，就完全没问题了。
合并图片到PDF
我这里的需求是
根据图片文件夹里面的图片，按顺序合并到一个PDF文件里面
代码如下：
from PIL import Image
import os
def images_to_pdf(input_dir,output_path):
print(input_dir)
print(output_path)
image_files = [f for f in os.listdir(input_dir) if
f.endswith('.png') or f.endswith('.jpg')]
print(image_files)
images = []
for image_path in image_files:
image_path = os.path.join(input_dir, image_path)
image = Image.open(image_path)
images.append(image.convert("RGB"))
images[0].save(output_path, save_all=True, append_images=images[1:])
input_dir = input("请输入图片所在路径：")
output_path = input("请输入生成文件名：")
images_to_pdf(input_dir, output_path)
打包EXE
python打包exe，需要先安装pyinstaller
pip install pyinstaller
打包操作 pyinstaller --onefile tool.py
生成的exe文件默认位置是当前目录下的dist文件夹下。